St. Jerome's School was opened in 1943, staffed by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, who had been teaching Sunday school in the parish since 1914. Classes were held at first in the parish hall (the old church). Construction of a permanent school began after the parish purchased the Wheatley residence on the west side of 43rd Avenue, and the new school building was completed in 1947. The convent, just to the north of the school, was built in 1951. The present church and rectory complex came next; it began in 1955 and was completed in 1957. The parish plant was completed with additions to the school in 1960.

In 1985, the lower floors of the convent were converted into St. Jerome's Child Center, which offers daycare services for infants and toddlers.

In 2009, the school entered the consultation process with the Archdiocese of Washington.  It emerged with approval to launch its own Educational Plan of St Jerome in 2010.  Since then, St Jerome Academy has used this plan to implement Catholic Classical education for grades K-8. 

In 2013, the school opened the Montessori House for Toddlers and Primary students. Today, both the child center and the school are at total capacity with waitlists.